Wilderness Landscape & Natural Heritage
Established in 1939, Kofa National Wildlife Refuge protects over 665,400 acres of desert landscape in southwestern Arizona. The refuge covers portions of the Kofa, Tank Mountains, and Castle Dome Mountains and is characterized by dramatic volcanic rock formations, deep canyons, and expansive washes. The area is primarily desert habitat with creosote bushes, palo verde trees, ironwood, and ocotillo dominating the flora. The refuge serves an essential role in conserving the desert bighorn sheep, which were threatened by habitat loss and disease. Visitors to Kofa can explore rugged backcountry areas with opportunities for hiking, wildlife viewing, photography, and hunting under permit. Notable landmarks include the rugged desert peaks, the Palm Canyon – home to native palm oases – and rich archaeological sites that reveal historical usage by Indigenous peoples and miners. Due to its remote nature, much of Kofa offers solitude and a true wilderness experience, attracting outdoor enthusiasts seeking challenges away from crowds. Road access can be rough and often requires high-clearance or 4WD vehicles. The refuge is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which maintains minimal developed facilities to preserve the area's wild character while ensuring wildlife protection and public enjoyment.
